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寒区隧道衬砌结构受到水分场、温度场和应力场之间的复杂耦合作用，易引发冻胀开裂等严重病害，直接威胁结构安全与耐久性。现有研究多聚焦于衬砌混凝土材料性能的演化规律，对多场耦合条件下衬砌结构整体响应与破坏机理的研究尚有不足。为完善寒区隧道衬砌耦合作用研究方法，深入揭示寒区隧道衬砌水-热-力耦合机制，该文基于“以直代曲”+“单边围堰”+“受荷冻融”的思路，研发了一种寒区隧道衬砌构件的水-热-力耦合加载试验方法，通过结合相应的数值仿真模型，揭示了寒区隧道衬砌水-热演化规律及承载-变形动态响应机制，探明了寒区衬砌结构的破坏模式与裂纹扩展路径。该研究可为寒区隧道衬砌结构的抗防冻设计与服役性能预测提供理论与技术支撑。
Abstract：[Objective] The expansion of China's transportation infrastructure has increased tunnel construction, particularly in cold regions at high altitudes and latitudes. These tunnels, under construction and in current operation, are inevitably affected by cold damage. Tunnel lining structures in cold regions are critically affected by the complex interplay of moisture, temperature, and mechanical stress, resulting in frost-induced cracking and notable structural deterioration, ultimately compromising long-term safety and durability. Although prior studies have predominantly focused on the evolution of concrete material properties, research on the overall structural response and failure mechanisms under multifield coupling conditions remains limited. [Methods] This study introduces an innovative hydro-thermal-mechanical(HTM) coupled loading experimental methodology specifically designed for tunnel lining components in cold regions. Utilizing concepts such as “replacing curves with straight lines” for structural equivalency, a “single-side cofferdam” to accurately represent groundwater conditions, and “freeze-thaw loading under external mechanical stress,” the experimental method effectively simulates real service conditions. Complementing the physical testing, a numerical simulation model was developed to enable a comprehensive analysis of temperature and moisture migration, mechanical stress evolution, and structural failure dynamics. [Results] HTM coupling results revealed the following:(1) pronounced hysteresis effects are observed in water-to-ice phase transitions, with external lining regions freezing rapidly and achieving full ice saturation sooner than the deeper layers. Thawing occurs more quickly in the outer regions, whereas deeper areas demonstrate a delayed thermal response, highlighting critical spatial variability in thermal-moisture behavior.(2) Stress analysis during freeze-thaw cycles shows considerable accumulation of frost-induced pressures at the lining surface, with von Mises stress greatly exceeding the compressive strength of the concrete, leading to combined compression-shear structural failure. Steel reinforcement, subjected to maximum axial forces nearing yield strength, underscores its crucial role in maintaining structural integrity during progressive damage stages.(3) Displacement measurements under incremental loading reveal distinct deformation behaviors: an initial elastic phase transitions to a mildly nonlinear region, indicating initial plastic deformation and micro-cracking, culminating in a pronounced nonlinear stage characterized by rapid deflection increases, extensive cracking, and stiffness degradation.(4) Prolonged freeze-thaw cycles contribute to progressive surface deterioration, characterized by increasing spalling and aggregate exposure, ultimately resulting in weakened interfacial bonding and a notable reduction in compressive performance. [Conclusions] The design and results of this experiment offer a new perspective for students to study and understand the HTM coupling behavior of tunnel linings in cold regions and the associated modeling techniques. This methodology simplifies physical model testing while ensuring reliability and reproducibility. It has potential applications for investigating the multicoupling characteristics of similar underground structures in complex environments. The experimental approach and its findings provide essential insights into the degradation pathways and failure mechanisms of tunnel linings under intricate multifield coupling conditions, while establishing robust theoretical foundations and practical methodologies critical for performance evaluation, antifreezing design, and structural optimization in cold-region tunneling engineering.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.12.002
中图分类号:U456
引用信息:
[1]孙克国,贾敬龙,封坤,等.寒区隧道衬砌构件水-热-力耦合加载模型试验设计[J].实验技术与管理,2025,42(12):10-18.DOI:10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.12.002.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金（52178396）; 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFB2600900）