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现代社会经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的不断加快，促使高层建筑的数量和兴建速度迅速增长，增加了高层建筑的诸多消防安全隐患。运用全尺寸实验方法构建真实可靠的高层建筑火灾情景，对不同类型火灾事故进行实验模拟，进而开展高层建筑火灾研究具有重要意义和实践价值。该文总结了以往的建筑火灾研究进展和全尺寸火灾实验实例，分析了高层建筑火灾引起的房间内部、相邻房间以及楼梯间烟气运动规律及蔓延扩散原理。同时，进行了高层建筑火灾全尺寸实验设计，详细讨论了火源发生装置、实验测量系统、工况设计、步骤设计和结果分析等内容的具体设计方法，并通过某市一实际建筑开展高层建筑全尺寸火灾实验，分析了多房间阻塞、相邻多房间、开阔大房间以及楼梯间的4种不同情况的实践案例，研究结果可为相关的建筑火灾全尺寸实验设计提供参考。
Abstract：[Objective] With the rapid development of the modern economy and the continuous acceleration of urbanization, population concentration has become severe, making large cities the ultimate gathering places for people. In major cities where land resources are scarce, the influx of outsiders from all over the world has made the rise of high-rise buildings inevitable. However, as the number of high-rise buildings increases, so do the risks associated with them, particularly fire accidents, which are among the most dangerous. In recent years, several serious high-rise building fire incidents have occurred. [Methods]This article summarizes research progress on building fires, reviews full-scale fire experimental examples, and analyzes the movement and diffusion of smoke within rooms, adjacent spaces, and stairwells caused by high-rise building fires. A full-scale experimental design for high-rise building fires was conducted, and the specific design methods for the fire source device, experimental measurement system, test conditions, procedural steps, and result analysis were explored. The experiment was carried out in an actual high-rise building in a certain city, and it incorporated four practical scenarios: multiroom blockage, adjacent multiroom setups, open large rooms, and stairwells. [Results and Conclusions] The layout of the experimental measurement system for full-scale high-rise building fire scenarios was presented in accordance with design specifications.Considering the influence of fire source location and heat release rate under natural ventilation conditions, the temperature distributions of smoke in the fire area, adjacent rooms, and stairwells were measured in both horizontal and vertical directions, and the settling, horizontal,and vertical diffusion patterns of fire smoke were analyzed. High-rise building fires typically involve complex ignition factors, abundant flammable and combustible materials, rapid fire spread through multiple pathways, and intricate building structures, all of which significantly increase the challenges of firefighting and safe evacuation. Therefore, addressing the numerous fire safety hazards in high-rise buildings in China is an urgent priority. Full-scale fire experiments enable scenario simulations of fire accident evolution, allowing for the study of smoke spread characteristics and settlement patterns in high-rise building fires. This research contributes to optimizing building fire safety design and provides scientific support for enhancing emergency response capabilities and fire rescue efforts.
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(1)https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/countries.
(2)https://www.119.gov.cn/qmxfxw/xfyw/2023/36210.shtml.
基本信息:
DOI：10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.05.002
中图分类号:TU998.1
引用信息:
[1]吴乐,钟茂华,胡鹏等.高层建筑火灾全尺寸实验设计与实践[J].实验技术与管理,2025,42(05):9-18.DOI:10.16791/j.cnki.sjg.2025.05.002.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金项目（52374210,72091512）